Transcendentalism Essays (807 words) - Transcendentalism, Lecturers

Transcendentalism Transcendentalism was a literary movement in the first half of the 19th century. The philosophical theory contained such aspects as self-examination, the celebration of individualism, and the belief that the fundamental truths existed outside of human experience. Fulfillment of this search for knowledge came when one gained an acute awareness of beauty and truth, and communicated with nature to find union with the Over-Soul. When this occurred, one was cleansed of materialistic aims, and was left with a sense of self-reliance and purity. Two authors who were among the leaders of the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, whose works Nature, Self-Reliance, and Walden brought America to the forefront of the transcendentalist movement. Their ideas opposed the popular materialist views of life and voiced a desire for freedom of the individual from artificial restraints. They felt that if they explored nature thoroughly, they would come to know themselves and the universal truths better. The concept of transcendentalism is clearly expressed in the essay Nature, by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson was a leader in the movement of transcendentalism and the first American author to influence European thought. His essay Nature tells of how one can gain insight and spiritual cleansing simply from experiencing nature. Emerson tells of how in the woods is perpetual youth and in the woods we return to reason and faith. These lines exemplify the very ideals of transcendentalism. They show the deep roots a person has in nature and how one can receive knowledge of their Over-Soul by honestly enjoying the outdoors and freeing oneself of previous evils. In the following lines, Emerson remarks: Standing on the bare ground- my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space- all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball: I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or parcel of God. These lines display the transcendentalist belief that purity and knowledge can be obtained from a union with and understanding of nature. Emerson also relates the concept of transcendentalism to human life in his essay, Self-Reliance. In this aptly named essay, Emerson grapples with another part of transcendentalism, the issue of self-reliance. He sees mankind as somewhat of a coward; that people never express their true selves. Emerson claims that humans are afraid to fail; they are pleased if successful, but are never happy with where and what they are. He expresses transcendentalist ideals by saying that a true person would be a non-conformist. Emerson puts this belief into words in the following lines: There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion.no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil. These words are the epitome of the ideals of transcendentalism- that one must celebrate the individual in order to find himself one with the universe. Another significant glimpse into the core ideals of transcendentalism was made by the distinguished author Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau lived in the home of essayist and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson. His most honored and enjoyed work was the story, Walden, which gives a forthright statement of his reasons for embracing a contemplative and decidedly transcendentalist life living on the shore of Walden Pond. In Walden, Thoreau explains why he chose the woods: I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. Thoreau himself was quoted as saying, In wilderness is the preservation of the world. In Walden, the author describes the cardinal importance of nature in ones search of their soul. Thoreau chose to live in seclusion because he believed solitude was the best companion in order to know ones own self. In the essay, he felt that mankind cared too deeply for material possessions; simplify! he implored. Thoreau claimed that humans were ruined by luxury and heedless expense and that success is gained when one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams. Thoreau stressed the importance of the individual, saying If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. His ideas were the foundation of transcendentalism- individualism, knowledge of nature, and the disposal of material belongings. Transcendentalism

Teachings of the Living Prophets †Theology Essay

Teachings of the Living Prophets – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Teachings of the Living Prophets Theology Essay Of all the topics previously discussed, I venture to say that, in my own life, this- the Atonement- is certainly the most poignant. I doubt that the case is different for most others, of course- the miracle of the Atonement is probably the single most ubiquitously applicable event in the Gospel. Numerous general authorities have given extensive talks on this miracle, and it always seems to be the most moving and the most personally applicable subject that they speak about. James E. Faust says of the Atonement, â€Å"This was the most transcendent act that has ever taken place, yet it is the most difficult to understand† (Ensign, Nov 2001). I would concur with President Faust on this matter, although it often seems that the more â€Å"transcendent† an event is, the more difficult it is for us mortals to understand. The Atonement itself is a miracle. Now, I will not delve into the hard-core epistemology or definition of miracles- for a thorough discourse on that subject, read C. S. Lewis’ Miracles- but let us just assume that a miracle is a general event out of natural order precipitated by divine power. Something that God did out of the ordinary. The Atonement certainly fits this category. It was only from divine intervention that it could be performed. James E. Faust continues, in the same talk, â€Å"what He did could only be done by Deity. As the Only Begotten Son of the Father in the flesh, Jesus inherited divine attributes. He was the only person ever born into mortality who could perform this most significant and supernal act† (Ibid.). Before this takes a plunge into an extensive doctrinal discourse of what the Atonement was, let us instead turn our attention to what the Atonement does for us. In other words, how do we regular mortals experience this miracle? First, it is important to explain the two central views that hinder us from seeing the real power and miracle of the Atonement. The first view comes to the nonmember world quite easily. It is worldly. It is materialistic. It is that the Atonement is not needed and thus to be ignored because it does not really exist, that it is inapplicable, or too difficult to understand. This view leads to immorality, greed, hate, lust, and just about every animal or diabolical sin. Those who are worried about the next immoral romp on the town, the next cunning lie, or even a murder are certainly not thinking about the Atonement and the power it could have on their happiness and well being. The second view is just as spiritually destructive, and is generally more present among Latter-day Saints. Those of this mindset hold that, because their lives are not perfect and because they do not live up to their covenants in perfect idealism, they do not warrant the Atonement’s power. Christ tells them he can make them perfect, and they tell Him that he cannot. They deny the fundamental of this miracle. Although this view may not lead directly to sin, it certainly leads to unhappiness, the very antithesis of our purpose here on Earth. Thus, the miracle of the Atonement happens in one’s life when he or she moves past one or both of these views, understands the true purpose of this miracle, and applies it to their life. We do not warrant the Atonement by our righteousness, but we cannot accept it while remaining loyal to wickedness. We must remain loyal to Christ in the sense that we absolutely must desire to progress in virtue, but that virtue does not qualify us further for His blessing. It must be understood also that the miracle of the Atonement happening in one’s life is not a single event. Renewed commitment to Jesus Christ must happen every single day. Indeed it may be possible for one to isolate a single life-changing epiphany, wherein they were converted from one of the two mistaken views outlined above to the truth of what Christ would have us understand. However, contrary to what many evangelicals may have us believe, one epiphany does not sustain a person to be committed to following the will of God for the rest of his or her life. Indeed, the happiness and peace of mind that flows from living a life â€Å"saved† by the Atonement of Christ comes from understanding its foundation of incredible mercy, accepting its boundaries, and applying the miracle to one’s life every day. Research Papers on Teachings of the Living Prophets - Theology EssayMind TravelCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaWhere Wild and West MeetCapital Punishment

The organizational role of the safety professional Article

The organizational role of the safety professional - Article Example For this to be possible, the professional evaluates any existing safety measurers’ failure of which he introduces safety requirements into the organization. The safety professional also has the responsibility of checking out for any situations, which may compromise the safety standards within the organization. This should begin with setting up of a safety plan, which guides the employees on how to work without placing their lives and those of colleagues in danger (Walter, 2011). The safety professional also has the role of advising the management of an organization about the measurements to put in place for employees to have a safe environment for working. This takes aspects like advising the management on the importance of having a safety initiative in the organization. It is through the efforts of the safety professional that safety response plan, safety management plan and a safety protection plan can be designed for the best benefit of employees and the organization (Safety Leadership, 2011). The safety professional is also the one in charge of organizing safety trainings for employees. This is essential because employees are the ones most affected by poor working conditions. On some occasions, employees can never determine whether their actions are safe or not, and guidance helps them in knowing the right path of action (Safety Leadership, 2011). Through safety trainings, the safety professional takes employees through safety processes, which protect them within the organization as they carry out their duties. Still on training of the employees, the safety professional designs a safety curriculum suitable for the company depending on the industry. It also remains under the jurisdiction of the safety professional to review the safety plan for the organization on regular intervals. These can be followed up by conducting review trainings for employees, so they can have adequate skills on how to keep

Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect - Essay Example The most favored solution is the implementation of legislation that requires a combination of safeguards be put into place. These safeguards would include mandating screening of patients on a more frequent basis, an ombudsman program, and required training for all staff that includes consequences if caught being abusive or neglectful. The time from reporting abuse to the investigation of abuse by should be reduced from the standard of ten days to a standard of within 24 hours. According to Dr. Terry Fulmer of New York University (Journal of American Geriatrics Society, Feb 2004) elder mistreatment is "the intentional actions that cause harm, or create a serious risk of harm, to a vulnerable elder by a caregiver or other person who stands in a trust relationship to the elder". Such mistreatment of elders in nursing homes is a significant problem in this country. Gone are the days when families quite naturally took on the responsibility of caring for the elderly. Most elderly in the country, who cannot care for themselves, are sent to nursing homes. Reports from across the country tell horrifying stories of those abused or neglected. In New Orleans, Louisiana a nursing home employee aged 19 raped a 92 year old woman (New Orleans City Business, 2004). Another nursing home resident had her leg amputated because of bedsores. ...An elderly man lost his testicles because of botched attempts to insert a catheter (New Orleans City Business, 2004). In her guest editorial to Nursing Homes Magazine (March 2005) Gloria Schramm tells the sad story of how her uncle was treated while he was in a nursing home. She recalls how he was miserable, had fallen from his chair because he was not properly restrained, and was unassisted at mealtimes when family was not there to assist him. She recalled how he waited long periods of time for simple things such as a drink of water, a diaper change, or help with repositioning himself in bed. The daily visits from family were critical to his recovery as the level of care he received otherwise was lacking. III. Background: Nursing homes were not always the answer in this country. Prior to World War II the poor and destitute elderly were sent to almshouses, or poor farms, which were known for their poor conditions and inadequate care. Some cities took responsibility for their poor and built, or renamed existing homes, to reflect the change in level of care. "In New York City, in 1903, the Charity Board renamed its public almshouse the Home for the Aged and Infirm. The city of Charleston followed suit in 1913, transforming their almshouse into the Charleston Home." (Haber, 2007) After World War II legislation was put into place that somewhat funded nursing homes and nursing homes were built to act as long term care hospitals. Because of concern for those elderly in need women's groups and religious groups established old age homes for the elderly. "As the founder of Boston's Home for Aged Women (1850), explained-a haven for those who were "bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh" (Haber and Gratton, p. 130).

The Main Roles and Responsibilities of Middle Managers Essay

The Main Roles and Responsibilities of Middle Managers - Essay Example A secondary function of middle management that Morgan et al discusses is with regard to definition of making the delivery of public services accountable. Irrespective of a single policy, or task assigned, the expectation is that they will fulfill the task in letter and spirit of utmost professionalism. Often, the need for this accountability is felt in the situations where the plan is questioned and upper management must definitively prove that the approach that was engaged was both meaningful and effective in a number of different areas. Broadly, the middle managers in large organizations perform the following roles: (1) Interpret and represent their work unit's interest; (2) Provide or secure assistance; (3) Establish organizational relationships; (4) Leverage other's time. In short, the middle management serves to holding the apex of management in the balance in the organization and core operating the workforce. More often, the top management may not be able to reach out to the su bordinates. The middle managers play a great role in assisting the management with running the organization such that efficiency and effectiveness of the firm can be achieved. Middle management plays a role towards true representation of the company objectives. They Therefore, the middle managers act as a go between to thevbridge this gap that may exist such that the efforts of all employees are coordinated towards the attainment of the desired goals and objectives in the organization.

A Case Study On Warlordism In Africa History Essay

A Case Study On Warlordism In Africa History Essay Warlordism has appeared in many states and cultures in history. Currently there are two countries, in which warlords play an important role these are Afghanistan and Somalia. In my paper I will try to describe this form of ruling in a case of Somalia what have warlords brought to common people, how have they affected their lives and possibly how may their future look like. Warlordism is known as the prevailing form of political organization in the south-central regions after the fall of Siad Barres regime in the early 1990s. Warlords, the leaders of Somali newly emerged political factions, begun to play an important role mainly after the fall of Siad Barres regime in 1991. These powerful men, who base their support mainly on clan identification, changed the country of Somalia a lot when they were pursuing their own ambitions. The main goal of my work is therefore finding the answers to these questions what caused warlordism to rise in Somalia, what happened during their rule in the 1990s and what impacts have had warlordism on this country. For better lucidity, I divided my seminar work into four major chapters. The first chapter is rather theoretical it explains the meaning and origin of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾warlord and it tries to offer some exact definition of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾warlordism. The following part of my paper seeks an explanation of why has warlordism become such a significant phenomen of Somalia, where lie its roots and it also reminds of the role of Siad Barre in Somali history. It describes the rise of warlords and also their gradual fall during the second half of the 1990s. For better understanding, I added two subchapters the first is about clans in Somalia and the second one takes a closer look on how the situation looks like in different Somali regions. The third chapter examines the impacts of warlordism on common life of Somalis, what was their contribution to Somalis after the year 1991. Again, two subchapter were added. The first subchapter explains, where warlords gain there resources for maintaing warfare and keeping their rule; it also offers somewhat interesting conclusions of researchers from the World Bank about Somali economy and Somalis themselves. The second subchapter tells about rather sad remains of Barres regime about militarization of society. The last chapter takes a brief look on the way how have warlordism and civil war changed the role of a women in Somali society. It shows that in spite of their inferior situation, they still carry on some important function in common life of Somalis. 1 A definition of warlordism Warlord is a person who controls a specific area of his country with military forces that are loyal to him and not to a central government. He uses his power beyond his legitimacy, often thinking that war is the only way of ruling. By doing this, he differs from a feudal, who has also military power, however he still stays loayl to a central governmant (or leader). This word (warlord) comes from the German word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Kriegsherr, that has similar meaning. Even Germans use nowadays the English term instead of their own.  [1]   Warlordism is therefore a form of ruling by warlords and can be described above all in so called failed states. Generally, in these states there is either no central government or authority, or this government has lost its control over the country. According to Anderson, most of the failed states share these three characteristic features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Firstly, the central government has effectively lost control and authority over the territory. Secondly, internal violent conflict is or has recently been rampant. Thirdly, the level of human suffering is appalling. Extreme poverty and hunger are widespread and growing. Atrocities are being committed. Human rights grossly violated and otherwise curable diseases turn into epidemics.  [2]  . The Fund for Peace creates every year so-called Failed States Index, which mixes social, economic and political indicators. For the year 2009, 38 countries most of them from Africa were classified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾alert. The highest index level was assigned to Somalia (114,7)  [3]  . In a specific case of Somalia, we can therefore speak not only about a failed state, but many scientists and journalists describe it as a collapsed one. It means lack of state institutions and state coercive powers who cannot offer public services anymore.  [4]   If we would like to be more precise at the description and origin of warlordism, there can be found four major characteristics: 1) Rule over a small part of country is overtaken by trained and armed man, who make use of instability of a central authority 2) These men seek their own self-interest, not a public favour 3) Legitimacy of warlords comes from their personal charisma and the devotion of followers 4) Because of their self-interest, country is divided into small political and economical sections, free trade is disrupted, therefore economy is slowing and foreign investors do not wish their capital to be part of this territory.  [5]   Examples of this system can be found in many countries. It appeared and appears in Afghanistan, Iraq, Burma, Chechnya, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Pakistan. In this paper, I will describe the current situation in Somalia. 2 The origin and progress of warlordism in Somalia The beginnings of warlordism in Somalia can be observed after a coup detat in 1969, when general Siad Barrà © took control over the country. He rewarded well those were loyal to him, to his clan, but with the help of bribes, gossip and intrigues, he managed to fragment other factions (which were supposed to get weaker) this tactic is described as divide-and-rule. Domestic resources and foreign aid were not used for development, rather for rewarding Barres loyal clans and their military leaders and to punish disloyal ones. This brought a massive instability, causing armed oppositionist clans to rise against Barres regime, first in the northeast region, and then in the northwestern, southern and central regions all except the territory ruled by Barre. Combined with rather disastrous result of the war with Ethiopia, Barre started to lose control and other factions began strengthening their positions. It resulted into civil war, where Siad Barrà © was overthrowned and anarchy again r eigned this country. Cause of the Somali civil war is not only clan system, but the roots lie in wrong distribution of resources and power, long-lasting corruption, exploation, despotic regime and wrong development. All these elements mixed together caused what we saw in the first half of the 90s in Somalia. The loss of war with Ogaden gave a birth to new political factions. People from the Majerteen sub-clan of the Darod established the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), operating in central Somalia, while the Isaaq clan took control over the north, under the name of Somali National Movement (SNM). The last important faction, emerged during the reign of Siad Barre, was the United Somali Congress, consisting of the biggest clan of the Hawiye, and occupied central-south Somalia. At the time of Barres fall, there was about 15 political factions in Somalia. A year later, major centres were occupied by the four strongest warlords. While Mogadishu was divided into two parts between Aidid and Ali Mahdi, Mohamed Said Hersi controlled Bardaro and the port of Kismaayo was under the rule of Ahmed Omar Jess. All four fought strongly among themselves, bloody fights occured especially between the two leaders of Mogadishu.  [6]   Therefore we can say that former clans emerged now as political factions with warlords in their lead and these factions often crossed clan lines. What was also broken and missing, was the Xeer law.  [7]  Regrettably after the collapse of regime, warlords were not able to unify, to maintain central government with warlords in its lead. They could have governed the whole country, but they were unable to make an agreement, so all that remained was shattered country with relatively small territories, controlled by military leader. Militias were not struggling for taking place in government; the war simply degenerated in anarchy and banditry. The only exceptions rised in the north, forming Somaliland and Puntland. Fights among the leaders for remaining resources and for strategic points (harbours, airports, major cities etc.) brought great havoc to this country and because farmers were not able to work on their fields due to persisting warfare, hunger spread quickly among inhabitants. The result of their warfare was also spread of armaments, the nearly complete destruction of the capital of Mogadishu, plundering of almost all public goods and state properties, fleeing of almost one million of Somalis abroad and separation of at first Somaliland, and than Puntland in the north. The civil war destroyed almost all state institutions, the social and economic infrastructure and broke all food supplies, both from internal and external sources. Boundaries of traditional clan territories have quite changed since the start of civil war. Weaker clans have been driven out of their homeland, while stronger ones took their positions. The raids were targeted at profitable areas (rich agriculture lands, ports, cities etc.) and locals often fled because of violence that is brought by attacking warlords. It is also an example of Puntland, from which many people have fled through Yemen to Australia, America or Scandinavia.  [8]   The main interest of rising warlords was prolonging of statelessness, as their crimes agains locals errupted massive stolen property, unresolved property disputes and occupied territory.  [9]  It were not only warlords, who had an interest on prolonging of civil war and anarchy. Also some businessmen voted strongly against a rebuilding of government, as a new administrative could easily see through their business and cut their gains from illegal trade to minimum Since 1995, conflicts have changed a lot in Somalia. From a large-scale warfare betwen clans that plagued the whole country to only local conflicts between sub-clans began to emerge. These conflicts had much less duration and were also not so bloody, as only few people were involved.    The are several reasons for this change clan elders gained much more authority, also warlords have finally secured their regions and also have less resources to buy means of war weapons and ammunition. The biggest incentive gave however Somalis themselves people became finally fed-up with their tyranny, especially businessmen, who refused to pay any fees and taxes just for passing through warlord operated territories. Therefore they hired Islamists militias, who represented a formidable threat to warlords. Islamic radicals quickly restricted warlords rule. The real power had only those warlords controlling strategic places (like ports, cities, airports) or those in high positions (memebers of the government etc.) Meanwhile, businessmen formed their own private security forces to guard their property    since the new government was unable to do that; these private forces are ranked among the most powerful in Mogadishu. Although crimes of warlords are deceasing in progress, white collars are beginning to represent a new threat to Somali stability, since their increasing counterfeiting of currency, which strongly undermines Somali economy.  [10]   2.1 Clannism in Somalia Clans are basic units of society in Somalia throughout its history. Yet their role has somewhat changed in   last years, especially after the accesion to power by Siad Barre. First I would like to characterize a Somali clan.   Clan identity is not fixed here, and is subject to change. Warlord maipulates people to gain their loaylty to achieve his goals, (where they are political, territorial, economic or military). However, it does not mean that the members of clans change their membership constantly every day. It happens only when see that someone else can offer them better conditions. A few points can be observed about the changes of clans and clan identities in Somalia: a) traditionally, clans served more like mediators, their purpose was to bring peace and stability to the country, also shifting of clan identities was not so often. This was changed during the rule of Siad Barre, when clan leaders manipulate other followers to acquire their goals, and this shifting of clan identities became a primary source of conflicts (not clans themselves. b) in the beginnings of Somali civil war, conflicts occured especially between major clans. In progress, conflicts became more and more localized, even between the leaders of the same clan (fights between subclans andeven between sub-subclans), like it happened for example in Somaliland eventhough they gained some independence, new clashes emerged inside ruling Isaaqs clan. As I mentioned, the primary source of conflicts are shifting clan identities. But it it also true that clans are main and probably the only way how to bring peace to Somalia, as they it was in past Somalia. Legitimacy of clan elders and of traditional customary law (xeer) could be the sources of cooperation and reconciliation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾A clan is Somalia is a double-edged sword it closely links Somalis and tears them apart  [11]  . 2.2 Divided country The following lines describe the differences between the main Somalia region. From 1991, many formal, self-declared adiminstrations have arisen. We can distinguish between these four types transregional, regional, district and municipal. Examples of transregional and regional entities can be found obviously in Somaliland and Puntland. The problems is that although they provide some basic functions, they do not posses the marks of an internationally recognized sovereign state like issuing of passports and so on. But not only these two have tried to gain some autonomy the Rahanweyn Resistance Armys administration of Bay and Bakool regions in 1998-2002 and the Benadir Regional Authority in 1996  [12]  . These territories are often formed on clan homelands or former colonies, like Puntland, which is situated on the territory of the Harti clans, or Somaliland, the place of the former Brittish colony. Warlords could therefore build a new state by adding existing blocks together. There is however another clash between centralists and federalists. Centralists fear that a divided state will become much weaker and will offer an opportunity to neighbouring countries to slowly appropriate separeted territories, while federalists are mainly those, who dont have any representatives in government and fear that the TFG could take too much from them. There is a strong regional diversity in Somalia from the relatively peaceful and secure provinces in the north to the war-torn territories in the south. Rich lands of southern region, ports and acces to sea are the sources of conflict that still prevails in this part of Somali country.    The Lower Shabelle region doesnt seem to form some regional authority, as clashes between various factions and warlords over rich agriculture and marine resources still continue. On the other hand, the Middle Shabelle region proves to be relatively stable in recent years thanks to new formed administration. Other clashes continued to torment the Lower Jubba region, especially those around the port of Kismaayo. The winner of factions wars was the clan Juba Valley Authority, which holds a relatively strong position over this territory. Neighboring Middle Juba and Gedo regions also lack some strong authorities; the Gedo region must in addition face attacks form Ethiopian soldiers, who are trying to pacify local Islamic groups. The   regions of Mudug,   Galgaduud and Hiraan in the northwest of Mogadishu officialy claim some authority, but de facto have none. They provide no basic functions, have no authority or legitimacy to govern. Security is   provided by traditional leader and Islamic courts, to some extent. In opposite to the southern and the central regions, the north-east and west terriotries have succeeded in forming stable and secure provinces without significant violent   conflicts. Even administrative organs and state institution appear here, providing some basic functions. Somaliland, occupying the north-west part, formed on bounderies of the former British   colony in 1991. Despite two minor civil conflicts in 1992 and 1994, it has created its onw bicameral parliament, judiciary, police force and municipal structures, also elections are regularly held. Somaliland was followed   by Puntland in the north-east eight years later. Similar to Somaliland, Puntland also faced internal conflicts from 2001-2003 concerning constitutional crisis, but those two were solved peacefully. Like in Somaliland, peace and security has attracted some foreign investment and NGOs, however in a smaller quantity compared to its western neigbour.  [13]   3 The impacts of warlords rule In a case of Somalia, we can say that the absence of state authority or defined state borders is not an essential problem for this country. Most African states gained their independence almost overnight, which brought many problems. Examples may be ethnic conflicts as a result of arbitrary boundaries, weak institutional system full of corruption and bureaucracy, weak links between state and civil society or monocrop economy too dependent on exports  [14]  . Also most African people have had bad experience with both colonists and post-colonial leaders, who have often cruelly exploited them and used state institutions and state power only for their personal profit. No wonder why many Africans rather do not believe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾modern systems of free market and liberal democracy. For a long time, they had their own system of organization that worked well. If we describe anarchy as a system without a central government, than in Somalia lasted anarchy all the time, before colonists arrived (the difference between anarchy past and present is that in pre-colonial era, round  ½ of population was not dying or being in danger of dying because of hunger, as it happened in 1992  [15]  ). Families, clans, tribes and villages had their own rules and traditions, with which their could prosper relatively good. They also had their own leader. Would it be so bad, if that leader became a warlord? Somali experience answers us the question yes, it would. As much as order within clans or tribes is well-kept, people still need basic functions of state to be organised. They need to have their rights protected, their basic needs to be satisfied. Property rights, security, infrastructure, electricity, schools, health-care or (for common people not so important) some political represantion; these things have to exist in case a state wants to be succesfull and prosperous these days. If warlords took care of this, it would have been no problem. However, warlords in Somalia have not been able to secure these things, they have cared rather about their personal gains while exploiting this already poor country and fighting for remaining resources, than about people needs. Thats why we can say that warlordism have affected the country of Somalia quite negatively, it has spreaded fear and hate among civilians and was profitable only for those who were loyal and close to the warlords. Warfar e brought among civilians was terrible. The Lower Jubba region was affected by far the worst. To maintain the patronize system and to acquire more weapons, warlords needed money. They gained financial resources by selling livestock and agricultural products of locals, later even that of foreign food aid. Rural inhabitants were terrorized almost instantly after Barre was overthrown. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Destruction was systematic, wells, ponds, grain stores, seeds and livestock consumed, carried off, killed or destroyed.  [16]   Because of many refugees, who were forced to flee the country and settle in abroad, we can say that warlords are responsible for Somali diaspora, which have affected many Somali lives till nowadays. Somalia is highly dependent on remittance and for many people it is the only way how to survive (remittances make up about 825 mil. USD in 2004, which is about 60 % of GNP  [17]  ). Warlords have also prevented people from reaching basic state functions healthcare, education, infrastructure and so on. Especially education, which is important everywhere and everytime, was signifacantly missing, as new young people can help their country, at least by describing and understanding what is happening there, so the foreigners could better comprehend what is going on. Furthermore, not only that warlordism doesnt help locals, it also keeps off foreign countries from helping. Risky environment full of chaos will probably not attract foreign investors. Foreign aid is stolen by the warlords, and those delivering it are kidnapped or attacked.  [18]  Under these circumstances, only few countries are willing to help such countries, whether with humanitarian, development or military aid. Especially in case of Somalia, after the debacle of the US and the UN forces in 1993, the Western states consider twice before they send some troops to these regions. To summ up, no matter how bad experience have Somalis with autocrative regimes, a creation of some state authority still looks better that status-quo. Stronger government (without warlords in its lead) with control over the country seems to be at least some solution to current problems. Furthermore, except of breaking internal security, warlordism also threatens neighbouring countries. Collapsed Somalia, without a well-guarded border, is ideal for smugglers, illegal trade of weapons and drugs. In addition, unstable environment will surely attract those who need to be hidden radicals, extremists, terrorists. Somalia is a great example, as after reclaiming the power by Islamic Union Courts in 2006, some highly-sought terrorists from al-Qaida appered in these territories. Which attracted a major enemy of terrorists, the government of the United States, and the US Army began consequently airstriking suspicous villages in the south region, where terrorists were hiding. However, the US did not well in this case, as they supported enemies of UIC warlords, who on the contrary used these resources to gain more power, so they could continue with exploiting Somali inhabitants. Not a good idea from the US, I would say. 3.1 Economic consequences of warlordism To maintain dissorder and to keep their power, warlords need money. The main sources of their income are money they receive from foreign sponsors, from taxes and charges levied on trade routes, ports, airports or in big cities or even on some sections of road, or, there have been attempts to use counterfeit Somali currency, which was printed abroad. Another problem of Somalia is qat (khat), a flowering plant with cathinone alkaloid, which is a stimulant causing excitement, loss of appetite and euphoria. The WHO considers this plant as a drug of abuse  [19]  . Since Islam forbids Somalis drinking alcohol, they chew this plant to have at least some feelings of intoxication. Similar to the Czech people, who meet in pubs and drink beer, Somalis meet in a place called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾mefrish, where they chew en mass  [20]  . Not only that workers are of course less effective while being drugged; what is more important is the fact that the distribution of khat is nearly entirely con trolled by warlords, who gain huge profits from the drug trade and they use these revenues to acquire more weapons and other means of warfare and therefore more power. Conflicts between warlords also caused massive economic problems. Except of human casaulties number of people who were killed by war and disease, who were never born or who emigrated is estimated about 2 millions, there is also a great poverty, by which is affected about 43 percent of population Moreover, Somalia finds itself at the bottom of the most African (and worlds) economic rankings. Also its external debt has increased a lot from the beginning of civil (2 billion USD) to nowadays (about 3,2 billion USD)  [21]  . Nevertheless, trade was not so affected by warfare and private sector adapted very quickly on the lack of state institutions. When Saudis placed a ban on livestock (mainly sheep and goats), they simply direct their trade elsewhere. This example shows us another characteristic feature of Somalis their resiliance. As I said, many Somali economic indicators lie even behind the worlds poorest countries. Yet we should mention that these data do not vary so much from those of pre-civil war this shows us high resilience of Somali people, who could adapt to very difficult conditions. Moreover, state collapse brought to Somalia what even structural adjustment programmes could not privatization and liberalization of economy and of all public services water, electricity or security; especially telecommuncation system have developed quite well so far.  [22]  It shows us, that Somalia was not unified politically, economic integration of Somali regions went on well through free flow of goods, services and informations. Economy is able to develop itself, although foreign aid is either missing (after the debacle of UN forces in 1993-1994) or being looted by warlords. Trade has to face some difficulties here though, as important markets placed in major cities have become too dangerous and risky for trading as a result of warfare. So traders need to operate on different trade routes. Also some states, especially from Arabian peninsula, refuse to do business with Somalis, as there are no veterinary controls. Menkhaus  [23]  appoints however, that the demand of Somali merchants for new roads a trading routes, so they could trade more easily and safely, is one of the primary causes of incurred peace processes and peace talks.   Furthermore, it is an argument for weakening position of warlordism. Without warlord rule, traders have better opporunities. If country is secured, if merchants can do their business without a fear of being kidnapped or robbed, if veterinary regulations are instituted, than trade is flourishing and commonweal is incresing. A conclusion of the World Bank research says that Somali war has its main roots neither in a warfare between clans nor in the Cold war, but in a policy of Siad Barre, who shifted from command economy to free market and economic liberalization, while still relying on the power of his own clan and fomenting rivalry between other clans. Consequences of these actions were not immediate, however in the future they have proved to have a devastating effect on Somalia. 3.2 Militarization of society A significant feature of Siad Barres regime (and consequently of warlordism) is a culture of militarization, something that have lasted to these days. Barres institutions had but a little legitimacy, law was rather forced by military means. After the coup in 1991, weapons could be found almost in every family, metaphorically spoken. Weapons have been used to settle quarrels between people and have even been traded on open markets. To make conditions even worse, several observes spotted that some Somali warlords are supported from the neigbouring countries, who dont seek a peaceful solution, but their own goals and interests. Main actors are Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Yemen, who deliver their weapon-cargos though ports in Boosaaso, Marha and Kismaayo  [24]  . This was a serious problem for warlords, as they slowly started to lose control over their followers, as well as clan elders has lost much of their authority. Law was a one big uknown. Since any accountability could be s een and impunity became common in Somalia, situation got worse very quickly. (warlords were oppressing locals, using them as a forced labour or driven them out). Without any state authority, a real power lied in the hands of those who were armed militiamen, their leaders and young men, who sought in war their own profit (these men were often rather children, as some observes estimate that about 200  000 (5 %) of Somali children had been involved in militia activities).  [25]   Weapons that warlords demand and with which they fight are usually following low-cost assault rifles, pistols, hand grenades, rocket propelled grenades, mortars, heavy and medium machine guns and anti-aircraft cannons deployed in a ground-attack role. However, warlords commonly do not interfere directly with weapon traders, they rather authorize someone else to acquire merchandise for them. Luckily, in the past several years, clashes between clan-leaders and locals are not so frequent, but still most people keep their weapons, because they fear for their property and for their lives. This applies especially for south-central Somalia, the region without any form of effective and strong government. On the other hand, Somaliland and Puntland have made a signficant progress in demobilization, as their leaders know that without

Taras Shevchenko :: Art Artist Research Essays

Taras Shevchenko Taras Shevchenko was born to Hryhoriy and Kateryna Hrushivsky-Shevchenko on 25 February 1814. Growing up in poverty and misery, Taras managed to maintain his spirits and continue to be curious of the world and those around him (4). His father was a great influence to him. He was well known around the village for his practical knowledge and intelligence. Hryhoriy stressed the importance of literacy to his children during their school days. Despite the weekly beatings of the pupils, in agreement with the old academic tradition, Taras was an energetic student and a fast learner (4). Exploring his options, Taras realized his interests and talent for writing poetry and painting. In his early teens, Pavel Engelhardt took Taras to serve as a traveling house boy. Pavel was the first person notice his painting talents, and sent him to apprentice under V. Shiriaev (2). During those four years, he spent his free time sketching and painting images of the summer gardens. Through Engelhardt, Shevchenko met Ukrainian artist Ivan Soshenko, Ye. Hrebinka, Vasyl Hryhorovych, and Alexey Venetsianov. With the help and advice of the mentors, Shevchenko enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg. On top of his general education, Taras pursued his love of art and poetry. In 1840, his first collection of poems was published. Kobzar was a collection of eight Romantic poems. It was through his life time of poetry works that the people of Ukraine were provided with original characteristics about their culture and history (4). Taras Shevchenko’s drive behind most of his paintings and poems was driven by his concern of the state that Ukraine was in. Each of his new projects was centered on the old historic ruins of the Ukraine that he remembered as a young boy. These sketching were collected in the album Zhivopisnaia Ukraina (4). Trouble began for Taras Shevchenko shortly after he joined Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood in 1864. An accusation to the arrest of several of the members, including Shevchenko (4).

The Smile Factory: Work at Disneyland

The Smile Factory: Work at Disneyland SELF-EXPERIENCE ON DISNEYLAND In general, this case shows the power of culture. It dominates how the Disneyland uses the culture to manage the employees’ behavior in the part. So that they can produce the products, the joyful experience in the journey on Disneyland. My own experience to Disneyland is that it provides the Care, the Warm Welcome and the feel of being in a fancy world since you are entering into Disneyland. Or we might say, it’s anywhere and anytime.The Disneyland, it’s like a factory associated with standard procedure to provide a wonderful journey to its customers through different product lines. ANALYSIS 1. The key elements of Disney’s culture: In general, marshal the will to meet and perhaps exceed customer expectations. That is, providing smiles to customers who are visiting the park. And the most important is to let customers feel the smile provided by Disneyland. Disney enhances its culture through : )Pre-hired training in Disney University; On the job training and self-motivated, monitoring and helping each other on the daily work; b)Create a standard guideline for all employees to follow up and encourage a internal competition for a higher level symbolic position. Create a small society in the park and set up a work culture that leaves little room for individual experimentation. c)Not only to entertain customers but also to make its employee feel happy when working in Disneyland. )Though not all the employees can match the guideline of being nice but still it reach quite a good position to provide a good feel to customers. 2. The role that the culture plays in Disney’s success in satisfying their customers: The culture is like kind of compass. As Bill Ross, a Disneyland executive put it: â€Å"Although we focus our attention on profit and loss, day-in and day-out we can not lose sight of the fact that this is a feeling business and we make our profits from that. â₠¬  This make Disney to set up rocedure and guideline on each position very detailed. By do so, Disney will then able to satisfy their customers successfully. 3. I have worked with Maersk Line, a world’s leading container shipping company with its head office located in Copenhagen, Denmark. This company’s culture, the Blue Dragon is â€Å"cult-like† in the way described by Collins and Porras. This brings good as well as bad attitude to the organization. On one side it creates a strong cohesiveness in the organization.Everyone is proud to be one of the members of Maersk Line. They are thinking that their blood is BLUE. But on the other side it makes the employees of this company to be a bit arrogant to insiders as well as outsiders. It makes employees to compete with each other and over tough to outsiders such as customers and suppliers. The culture has brought a big trouble to Maersk Line during the financial crisis worldwide. That is not willing to change and s low in action. Finally Maersk Line made a huge loss.

Whats the Best Foreign Language to Learn in High School

What's the Best Foreign Language to Learn in High School SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most students are faced at some point with deciding which foreign language to pursue. Some high schools offer many options while some offer only a few. Whatever the situation at your particular high school, the decision can feel very weighty: you're going to commit years of your life to learning a new form of communication, after all. In this article, we'll explain how to determine the best foreignlanguage to learn for you, such as your motivation and goals, along with some basic information on a few of the more common languages to learn. 3 Factors to Determine the Best Foreign Language for You There are certain factors that you'll want to take into account, no matter which language you're considering. These elements of the decision-making process can help you determine the very best foreign language to learn in high school. College Don't Care Which Language You Took Good news! You don't need to bear the possible effects on college admittance in mind.Yes, many colleges require, or at least recommend, taking a foreign language for multiple years- the exact suggestions change from school to school. Colleges do not, however, specify which language to take; Spanish, French, Hebrew, etc. would all work equally well, as long as you excelled in the class. There are far more important criteriato base your decision on than trying to impress an impartial institution. You'll be best off if you take several years of the same language, so your likelihood of sticking with a course through high school is much more crucial to consider. Taking a different language every semester is a really bad idea. Careers With Language Requirements Certain careers require, or at least encourage, proficiency in another language. There are obvious jobs (linguistics and translation) and less obvious jobs (music and health care). If you work directly with a language, as interpreters do, of course you need to know it inside and out. In fields like the arts, it may be helpful to know a certain language so that you more fully comprehend the terms used in your discipline; from the French used in danceto the Italian used in music,non-English vernacular appears in many forms of art. In a career such as medicine, where you're going to be working with a wide variety of diverse clients, it's helpful if you can communicate directly with the people you serve. Bear in mind, studying a certain language does not commit you to pursuing any particular career for the rest of your life; this is not an all-or-nothing decision. On the other hand, if you do know what field you want to enter, you might get a leg up by starting to learn the appropriate language early on. An important question at this point is how committed you are to pursuing the language to fluency. Many people graduate high school with a passing grade in a foreignlanguage, only to lose all that proficiency within the next few years. Are you willing and able to work hard at the language in high school and continue with it in college? If yes, it may well serve you in your career. If no, this is probably not the criterion to base your decision on; you may want to trust that you'll learn what you need in later years of schooling and training. It's still a good idea to take some language in high school, but you don't need to put the pressure of succeeding in your future career on a few years of secondary school education. Personal Interest and Motivation Are Key The language you work on in high school may be a language you use for decades to come, or it may be just another hoop to jump through. One of the primary questions to ask, then, is what you're trying to get out of learning the language. You may want a head start on college pursuits or a career, or you may just want to graduate high school. You may want to become functionally fluent in a language, or you may just want to learn a few crucial phrases. What it all comes down to, then, is what language you're inspired to learn. Learn a language that interests you and that has some meaning for you, whether that's because it's a career tool or because it will connect you better to your own heritage. As a French citizen who didn't speak French until high school, I had a lot of motivation to learn. 9 PopularLanguages to Consider Your school may not offer all of these languages (in fact, it probably doesn't). Also, take the considerations above into accountbefore you commit to anything; the verdicts on each language given below are not the final word in your particular situation. Spanish The United States has one of the largest populations of Spanish-speakers out there, and this number continues to grow. It's also a hugely prevalent language worldwide. Demand for Spanish-speaking employees is soaring as many industries serve a predominantly Spanish-speaking segment of the population along with the wider public. As a bonus, most English-speakers find Spanish relatively easy to learn. Bits of the language have worked their way into American culture, and there are a number of cognates (similar-sounding words) that the languages share. Verdict: If you want a language of great practical use in everyday America, Spanish is probably the best foreign language to learn. French French, according to Forbes, is growing in its global popularity. It's extremely dominant in Africa, and it also persists as one of the major languages for international diplomacy(the UN, NATO, and the Olympics use French to somedegree, for instance). Furthermore, it's widely used in art forms such as ballet, high fashion, and haute cuisine. Verdict: If you want a language of great practical use in the world at large and Africa in particular, or if you're keenly interested in the fine arts or diplomacy, French is a great option. German Germany is an economic giant, and German is the most widely spoken mother tongue in Europe. In addition, it's an important language in the history of religion and philosophy as well as science and technology. The downside is that many English-speakers find German a little harder to learn than French or Spanish, due in part to its more complex grammar. Verdict: If you're interested in international business dealings, or the history of religion, philosophy, or psychology, German ishard to beat. Learning German brings you that much closer to Freud- isn'tthat fun? Italian Learning Italian, itself a Romance Language, paves the way to easily picking up the other Romance Languages should the need or desire arise. Italian is also a crucial language to the development of music. As a bonus, most English-speakers find it quite easy to learn. Verdict: If classical music or Italian culture is your passion, or if you're devoted to acquiring multiple Romance Languages, Italian isan excellent choice. Latin Latin is a dead language; no one speaks it as a native tongue. That being said, it's extremely useful in terms of understanding the basis of the five Romance Languages it engendered. More than half of English vocabulary is also descended from Latin, and Latin is the language of science, medicine, and law. As a bonus, learning Latin can boost your overall vocabulary, which may show up as a positive trend on that SAT or ACT score. Verdict: If you're interested in linguistics, ancient texts, or scientific or legal pursuits, Latin is probably the best foreign language to learn. Arabic Arabic is a widely spoken language, both in and out of the United States. Demand for Arabic-speakers is quite high in industries such as hospitality and government, andthe supply is insufficient. Verdict: If you're interested in a practical language for international travel as well as making yourself a desirable employee in certain sectors, Arabic may be the best language for you. Mandarin There are many speakers of Mandarin in the world today- approaching 15% of the world population.In fact, China is the leading nation in the global marketplace. Verdict: If you're interested in international business or relations and gaining a practical language for travel in China, Mandarin is undoubtedly the most practical language to learn. No, no- MandarinChinese: the language, not the fruit. Japanese The culture of Japan holds a great fascination for many high school students who admire aspects of the culture, including, but not limited to, art forms such as animeand manga. Also, Japanese is not a very widely spoken second languagewithin the United States which could lead to job opportunities later on if you stick with the language to the point of mastery. Verdict: If you love the traditional and contemporary culture of Japan or if you're interested in bringing a relatively rare skillto the table at a future job, Japanese is a great choice. American Sign Language Learning American Sign Language (ASL) provides a unique windowinto a culture that's largely hidden within the broader culture of the United States (and around the world). The Deaf community is often overlooked, and it's deeply rewarding to become more aware of what this particular community's struggles and triumphs are on a daily basis. ASL is also fascinating, with the true intricacies of fluency sparking much interest in the linguistic community. Plus, ASL interpretation is also a great job opportunity. Verdict: If you're interested in advocacy for the Deaf community, linguistic research, or interpreting as a career, ASL willhelp you achieveyour goals. Conclusion: Which Is the Best Foreign Language to Learn? There are many, many languages out there to learn. It's hard to say which one is the "best" to study in high school, especially since colleges don't havea preference. That being said, thereare several things to consider before you commit to a course of language study. There's your overall motivation and desire to learn any particular language, there's the personal connection you feel to the language and corresponding culture, and there's the practical consideration of what might serve you best in your career. Each language has its benefits and drawbacks, and any one might be the best foreign language to learn depending on what you're hoping to get out of studying it. What's Next? Now that you've got a foreign language all sorted out, you may want to think about the other classes you've got to select. In addition to that general swath, you might be curious about choosing electives. Are you thinking about taking AP classes? That's a whole other question to mull over- but we're here to help.

structuring process of the app essays

structuring process of the app essays Structuring Process of the Appellate Court Since the creation of mankind the world has been continually changing. A justice system is an important set of social institutions. To fully understand this model we will start with the basic aspects of the Appellate Court. For instance, most legal disputes involving state law are initially decided in the trial courts or by an administrative agency. But after such a decision, an individual may turn to the states appeal courts if he or she believes a legal error occurred that harmed the case. In fact, thousands of cases are appealed every year. They include criminal convictions as well as civil cases involving personal injury, contracts, employment, real estate, probate, divorce, child custody and many other issues. Whenever an appellate court reverses a trial court decision, it almost always allows that court to rehear the case using the correct law and procedures. In the vast majority of cases, the decision of a Court of Appeal is final. The state Supreme Court does not re view the vast majority of cases; it steps in to resolve new or disputed questions of law as well, as to review death penalty cases. Death penalty cases proceed directly to the Supreme Court, by passing the lower Court of Appeal. The appellate courts of California consist of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. The judges who serve on these courts are called appellate justices. There are seven justices on the Supreme Court and 93 justices on the Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals is divided into six geographical districts and hears cases arising within the district. Proceedings in appellate courts are very different from those in trial courts. In trial courts a judge or jury hears the testimony of witnesses and reviews physical evidence, exhibits and documents before deciding a case. Appellate courts do not decide an appeal by taking new evidence or reassessing the credibility of the witnes...

The absolute Separation of Powers is not practical neither achievable Essay

The absolute Separation of Powers is not practical neither achievable. There is always going to be some degree of overlap. Evaluate the above in connection with the UK constitution - Essay Example In essence, the government is unified by many branches and the absolute division of powers is not achievable. If the various branches of the government were to be completely separated from other branches in terms of their functions, it would result in backlog and inefficiencies in all the branches. Additionally, it has been argued that the complete demarcation of powers will yield total confusion resulting from the general inefficiencies created by such a system (Haljan 2013). With regards to the UK constitution, a complete separation of powers, where there is no overlap is non-existent. A closer examination of the three arms of government and their functions, reveals that they are exercised by bodies and or persons who use more than one function of their individual branch. According to the UK constitution, there is a big overlap between the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative arms of government (Leeuwen 2010). The UK Constitution requires that the Prime Minister and his cabinet ministers be members of both the Legislature and Executive arms of government. Indeed, there is a close bond between the Judiciary and Executive arms. The cabinet ministers and the PM are members of Parliament and are also counted as constituting the members in the House of Commons. However, the House of Commons Disqualification Act of 1975, limits the number of cabinet ministers who can sit and vote in the House of Commons to 95. Government ministers also determine appeals in disputes resulting from town planning legislation. This means that their functions encompasses not only the executive arm of government, but also the judiciary. There are very many examples of the overlap between the functions of the three arms of government. One of those positions that gives credence to the notion of overlap, is that of the Lord Chancellor. Law Lords sit on the judicial committee relating to the Privy Council, plus

Protection Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protection Plan - Essay Example During the day, the client may have to travel by car, train, and plane and attend a variety of functions, including meetings and invitations for meals at restaurants, and do personal activities such as recreation and errands. Over the day, the client will be exposed to a range of risk levels, ranging from higher risk (meeting and greeting members of the public at an outdoor rally) to low risk (dining at an exclusive, gated country club with high security). Some planning for the day would have begun on previous days. Once the itinerary is known, one or more bodyguards would travel the route to the venues, to check the roads for unexpected changes (road work, detours, closed lanes) and to check the venue. The venue needs to be checked for bugs and the security of the facility (exits, entrances) needs to be inspected. As well, the bodyguards will want to know the names of the staff who will have contact with the client, so that a simple electronic background check can be run on these individuals. An hour prior to leaving with the client to his first appointment, the driver-bodyguard and another bodyguard remove the cars that will be used to transport the client from the locked garage and inspect them. There may be only one car for a lower risk client. A higher risk client will have additional cars to form a protective convoy of vehicles that can flank the client's vehicle. The vehicles are inspected before leaving. Once the cars have been inspected and they are deemed to be ready for use, they are brought into position near the exit door where the client will leave the secure building. At least one driver-bodyguard stays with the cars while waiting, because the now-searched cars cannot be left unattended. If the convoy is left unattended, an attacker could attach an IED or sabotage one or more of the cars. Then the bodyguard team flanks the client as he moves from the secure residence to his car. The convoy then moves out towards the destination. The team will have chosen a route which avoids the most dangerous "choke points", such as one-lane bridges or tunnels, because these routes have no way of escape and they are more vulnerable to ambush. In some cases. If the client has to travel by train, the bodyguards will inspect the rail car they are traveling in and the other cars he/she will use. When the convoy arrives at the location, one or more bodyguards will exit first to confirm that the location is secure and that the staff who were booked to work that day are the ones who are present. If the location is secure, these bodyguards signal that it is safe to bring in the client. The client is escorted into the building using a flanking procedure. If the client is attending a private meeting inside the building, and the building itself is secure (controlled entrances) the client will not need to have a bodyguard escort in the building. The bodyguards can then pull back to monitor his or her safety from a further distance. Bodyguards could monitor entrances and exits and the driver-bodyguard watches the cars. If the client is moving about in a fairly controlled environment such as a private golf course, which has limited entrances and exits, the security detail may drop down to one or two bodyguards, with the other bodyguards monitoring the entrances to the facility, the cars, and remaining in contact with the bodyguards escorting the client. Throughout the day, as the client goes about his activities, the number of